Farmers, like owners of large plots, have a lot of worries. In addition to planting care and harvesting, they also try to maintain the soil in the most “efficient” condition. To achieve this, you need to know all the details of its processing. Consider what are the methods used in the fields, and how they differ from each other.
Method of mechanical tillage
By such methods they mean the impact on the ground of the working parts of the mechanisms and aggregates, which are used for processing. With such "penetrations" the density of the soil changes and the mutual displacement of its layers occurs. There are four such methods.
Dump
When processing plows of various designs, the layer is wrapped (partially or completely). Horizons of different fertility seem to be mixed in a vertical plane.
Simultaneously with the “heap”, such procedures as loosening, harvesting rhizomes and plant residues, as well as fertilizing with fertilizers can be carried out.
Learn more about mulching and soil cultivation.
Tiller
The name speaks for itself - tillage with the use of trenchless technology is not accompanied by significant soil movements.
Important! Sowing is carried out immediately after the first spring "passes" until the moisture has evaporated.
The main objectives of this method - uniform loosening of a site, removal of weeds and safe processing of aisle. 
Did you know? In some European countries, until the middle of the 19th century, dogs were used as a force! There are a lot of engravings and paintings, in which harnessed dogs carry loaded carts, rakes and even small plows. Moreover, in the course was even the concept of "dog power" (equivalent to 1/10 hp).
Rotary
Resorted to it, if you want to get a uniform in composition ball of soil. Rotary cutters and harrows are allowed in, if the result of previous passes was a non-uniform density and "device" layer. These units work for crumbling and further mixing. 
Combined
This is a kind of mix of all the mentioned methods. This approach is used in order to speed up processing on rough terrain with "heavy" land. It is suitable for working with well-groomed fields - so time is saved.
Did you know? Despite the diversity of crops grown, the priority in consumption remains for wheat, corn and rice. The share of products derived from them, accounts for 60% of the total number of calories received by mankind.Such operations require the presence of different types of equipment, the replacement of which makes the "runs" more versatile. Due to this, the soil is better mixed and loosened. Thereby laying the "foundation" of the future harvest.
Basic soil treatment techniques
Let's start with the terminology. Listing the techniques of the main current tillage, farmers and agronomists imply a “passage” of the site by a certain mechanism that performs one operation, while by itself the main treatment of the “working” soil means the deepest tie-in.
There are only two such methods, but they should be considered in more detail (it’s not for nothing that they are considered fundamental).
Plowing
This technique is considered to be the main one and is actively used in the fall, to plowing. Equipment - plows. Most often, designs with flat or cylindrical dumps are taken.
Experienced machine operators are well aware of all their shortcomings: if the first ones don't crumble, the second ones do not turn them over in the best way. So you have to look for compromises.
Using a skimmer makes the task easier. In conjunction with the main plow, it works like this:
- The coulter is set at 8-10 cm with a width of approximately 2/3 of the working body. So weeds and stubble are removed, which immediately fall down into the furrow.
- The plow itself is deepened by 20-22 cm in order to raise a clean bottom layer, which will crinkle and dust the already removed “heads”.
This technique is considered a classic, it allows you to protect the field from erosion. Important and markup area. The fact is that the dump plows direct the cut layer to the right. If you start from the edges of the "patch", you get a furrow-connector, and at the start from the middle you will notice a distinctive comb.Important! One of the most important characteristics of the plow is traction resistance. If you do without tricky formulas, then the width of the grip, the resistance and the thickness of the soil, as well as the number of working buildings are taken into account. All these data is desirable to specify before the purchase.
More maneuverable revision modifications allow you to go uninterrupted, without prior "breakdown." Maintaining the desired depth, get a smooth surface without ridges and grooves.
Shallow loosening
Landless plowing is used in arid steppe regions, there it is almost the only opportunity to preserve stubble until autumn, thereby retaining moisture in winter.
It is held in the fall, with the help of tailless (chisel) plows or flat cutters set to the desired width. Moving deep-rippers do a good job. 
The upper layer is not turned, passing the working part of the mechanism at the level of 27-35 cm (depending on the structure of the soil and its moisture content).
Ideally, the upper boundary of the "internal circulation" of the earth should be a line at the level of occurrence of the roots of plants. If they remain for the winter, then no winds are terrible for the field, and the accumulated moisture will benefit microorganisms that maintain a fertile balance.
In a number of areas with dense soils, only flat-cuts are used for the first approach. Ploskoreznaya processing is reduced to a deepening of 8-15 cm, a specific figure is selected based on the state of the soil and its moisture.
Surface tillage techniques
In this group, agronomists include all types of “penetrations”, which are made within 10–16 cm, using only the upper soil ball. There are many similar methods. They are notable for the fact that some types of equipment can be used for processing by different methods.
Harrowing
Especially "riding" technique, which involves the deepening of no more than 10 cm.
Harrowing large areas of soil begin in the spring, immediately after the snow melts. So the lumps are better destroyed and the field profile is leveled. At the same time the crust pressed during the winter is removed. 
The selection of equipment comes down to the definition of a suitable harrow. They are distinguished by the type of work surface. Mass gear mechanisms are used, which, in turn, are divided into light, medium and heavy. Needle and net harrows, which are gradually replaced by discs, are taken less often.
Making sure that the tractor does not get stuck, proceed to work. Here there is one nuance - the harrow is picked to a tracked vehicle (they have a higher throughput).
Familiarize yourself with the MT3-892, MT3-1221, Kirovets K-700, Kirovets K-9000, T-170, MT3-80, Vladimirets T-25, MT3 320, MT3 82 tractors, which can also be used for different types of work.Medium or heavy harrow uncultivated field passes in 1 or 2 tracks. Choosing the "double" option, focus on the second row. Winter crops "drive" across plantings, only in 1 track.
The quality of work is determined by the following features:
- The surface must be consistent.
- Lump size is not more than 4 cm.
- Weeds are removed completely.
- The loss of crops does not exceed 3% (the harrow always catches a part of the plants).
Disking
In fact, it is loosening the "top" through disc harrows or stubblers. Refers to the number of pre-sowing techniques, but can be used in the care of arrays of alfalfa and other forage crops.
Important! You can adjust the angles of attack of the “fresh” harrow, focusing on special marks. They are applied near the disk mounts. For normal operation, the disc must be set strictly on the green segment.
Disking soil provides the same agrotechnical requirements as the conduct of the peeling (let's talk about it below). Note that the most important parameter is the so-called angle of attack of the working disk relative to the direction of thrust. Expose it to "catch" the desired depth, not forgetting the mixing of the soil.
Cultivation
Provides loosening and slight mixing of the soil with its further leveling. It also helps to get rid of weeds. Among the main advantages of this technique are the improved air balance of the earth and its best warming.
Such operations are of two types:
- Solid (they are spring and pre-sowing), which are conducted with the participation of reinforced steam cultivators;
- Interrow. They can be carried out during the season by setting the working parts of the mechanism to the required width. Hillers are often used (especially suitable for rows with root crops).
The main load falls on the "paws" (teeth) of the cultivator. Depth of the “run” depends on their type. So, for the mechanism with lancet tips, they expose 12 cm, while the loosening edges will have to be “buried” by as much as 18 cm.
For cultivating small plots of land, gardeners actively use the Krot shovel and the Tornado hand-held cultivator.Cultivation of the soil has long become a familiar method of processing, it can be seen even in relatively small kitchen gardens, which are “combed” by motor-blocks.
The requirements are quite simple:- Accurate adherence to depth (maximum "spread" is not more than 1 cm).
- Lack of crests on the field (can be made up to 1 cm).
- Cutters or teeth should be in the same plane, without distortions.
Such an operation does not deliver an experienced tractor driver, while the owner of the motoblock will have to work on management skills (so that the unit does not “break in”).
Stubble stubble
Loosening and mixing the upper layer in this case is combined with the grinding of weeds and, in fact, the crop residue. They go deep into (up to 18 cm), where they gradually rot.
Immediately after this, weed seeds will begin to germinate - the field is covered with fresh shoots. It's not scary, a couple of weeks after the main peeling, the plot is plowed to a depth of 23-30 cm. At the same time, the cut down young weeds go down to fertilizer.
It looks somewhat laborious, but in return two layers of fertilizers are already obtained, and this is direct savings on top dressing. The cultivators are selected to match the size of the field (a small mechanism is enough for a small mechanism). 
His condition is also taken into account - with a small debris there will be enough a disc stubble set at 12 cm, whereas in order to cope with extensive thickets, the thistle will have to be tied to a tractor with a dowsing machine (18 cm). For heavy soils, a disc harrow with a small angle of attack is taken.
The field is marked on pens, all dangerous areas (stones, pits and hummocks) are marked with landmarks. The course is across the seeding.
Important! Shelling will be effective only when the cutting edge of the hopper disc reaches a thickness of 0.4-0.5 mm (but not more). Minimum chamfer dimensions - not less than 12-15 mm.The quality has the following requirements:
- Lack of "blockages" of a plowshare or a disk when processing.
- Low straight ridges (up to 2 cm) are allowed.
- More than half of the stubble remains.
Rolling in
This is nothing more than handling rollers. As a result of such work, the earth is compacted, the remaining blocks crumble, and on light soils the surface is leveled. 
The main tool is a roller. They are of several types:
- smooth;
- ribbed;
- toothed;
- ringed;
- ring-spurs.
All these products belong to three weight classes - light (with a pressure of 0.05-0.2 kg / sq. Cm), medium (0.3-0.4) and heavy (0.5 kg / sq. Cm) . There are differences in the number of sections - three-sectional are considered the optimal choice, with a diameter of more than 50 cm.
On moderately wet soils, rollers can be used throughout the season: before sowing, during and after. But on wet, heavy land, the rink is useless - it will over-compact the "vershok".
Rolling is reduced to hitch travel at low speed (8-9 km / h). Depending on the state of the field and the time of conducting, different rollers are used:
- Uneven winter winter arrays "pass" ribbed trailers.
- Ice crust removed ringed "wheels".
- Post-treatment is done ribbed.
- Before sowing, it is advisable to take a smooth roller, which is ideal for too small seeds.
Malovanie
Reception, somewhat reminiscent of rolling. The task is the same - to level the soil, and at the same time not to compact it too much.
Instead of a powerful ice rink, so-called small is used. This is a bar of arbitrary length with a width of about 20 cm (with a thickness of 10). Its edges cling to the tractor with two rods.
Did you know? In the Paris Chamber of Weights and Measures there is a reference "cube" of black earth. It is curious that this test was taken in the vicinity of Voronezh.
While moving, it moves and squeezes large clods, falls asleep the holes left by them and cuts off small ridges. The ideal method for further field marking, often used in the preparation of irrigation.
Looping
Approximately the same goals are pursued by the method of looping. All the "props" - trash with hard row bars, which are connected by chains. Often there are "nailing" with teeth placed on the front beam. In front of the scraper, on the stub harrow, stands a scraper with teeth brought out. 
This device "closes up moisture" in the spring, hardly having waited, when tips of crests on an arable land dry up. Fiber harrow with the harrow are indispensable for the care of shallow crops with seeds that require the smoothest possible soil. Among them - flax and sugar beet.
Special tillage techniques
When farming in difficult conditions, farmers have to act outside the box. It happens that the usual techniques help a little, and then you have to learn special techniques along the way.
Bunk plowing
It is used to introduce into the revolution of running sod and sod-podzolic lands. This is a great option for those who plan training for technical cultures.
Important! In small farms, self-made small ones are still found in the form of a wooden bar lined with iron. The benefits of such a "rationalization" on the sites a bit - similar products simply do not provide the necessary pressure (some correct it, catching weighting compounds).
The standard plow is not an assistant here - they take a two-tier structure with a cut-out hull. Plowing is deep, up to 40 cm. At the same time loosening of the lower "sole" and wrapping of the upper layer occur.
If you loosen the stubble only the top, while scrolling through the lower layer, you can achieve a good cleansing of deep-lying weed seedlings.
Three-tiered plowing
Three tiers are used for the same purposes. The depth here is even greater (up to half a meter). This is the only way to bring back to life the running salt marsh. 
The plow is also "three-storied". During the “passage”, the arable part of the soil is left at the top, and the two lower horizons mutually move. As a result, the "bottoms" complement the arable ball, the course of nutrients is activated, and the emergence of new weeds is almost impossible.
Plan plowing
With its help, sandstones are cultivated, they prepare land for arrays of trees (including fruit). Standard depth - within 50-70 cm.
Before driving a plow with high teeth into the ground, once again assess the risks. Extra deep plowing is not suitable for working with areas for grain or root crops. You also can not hold it on the land with a high level of groundwater - this will cause re-salinization.
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Note that the plow brings up not the most fertile layers, which also has a bad effect on productivity. In this case, the subsequent subsequent application of a large amount of fertilizer, which will restore the nutritional balance.Chipping
The reception is aimed at improving the drainage of fields located on the slopes. A special knife or trailed splitter makes the slit depth of 40-60 cm (across crops).
The interval between them is regulated with an eye on the nature of natural moisture. For dry ground indentation will be 1 m, if moisture is still present, you can measure and 1.5 m.
Wandering
Improves drainage and regulates aeration. Special devices are placed on the plow - drains, which make mole animals at a depth of 30-35 cm. The diameter of such minks usually does not exceed 8 cm. Before leaving, the drains are set to a width of 1 or 2 m. 
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Such work is being carried out in the fall so that prolonged showers and melting snow will not overwet the ground - the water will descend into specially designated holes. Теперь вы знаете, как обработать свой участок. Надеемся, из всего разнообразия приемов вы подберете наиболее подходящий. Рекордных урожаев!
