The legend tractor DT-54, which has survived to our days, is one of the true titans of Soviet engineering. This is a universal tracked agricultural machinery. The unit of the 3rd traction class performs all types of agricultural work. Although the serial production of technology has long been stopped, the old model still implements the functions assigned to it with ease. We will also tell about this unit in detail in today's review.
The history of the tractor
Agricultural equipment with DT-54 index became the first Soviet mass tracked tractor of general purpose, equipped with a diesel engine.
The history of technology dates back to 1930. At the beginning of the 1930s, the first diesel engine for an agricultural machine was designed at the Stalingrad Tractor Plant; however, at that time it did not replace the kerosene relative. Diesel engines were tested on tractors SHTZ-NATI, on the basis of which DT-54 was developed. However, 54-ka was created under the new scheme and was significantly different from its predecessors.
Important! In a diesel tractor, experts were able to eliminate the possibility of oil diluting with fuel. In addition, this unit guaranteed more economical operation with less waste of oil fluid.
After World War II, the agricultural sphere of the Soviet Union demanded serious retooling. The actively recovering industry was in dire need of mechanisms equipped with diesel engines. Tractor diesel for several years continued to improve and "bring to mind." And finally, on November 7, 1949, the first DT-54 rolled off the assembly line. Engineers recognize the development and time of release of the tractor landmark step for the engineering of the USSR.
In Stalingrad, the unit was produced for 12 years, until 1963.
Around the same time, the release was launched at the Kharkov Tractor Plant. In Kharkov, a series of cars produced until 1961.
The Altai Tractor Plant also entered the list of manufacturers of this version. Here the agricultural machine was produced from 1952 to 1979.
We recommend that you read how to choose a mini-tractor for work on the backyard plot, about the features of mini-tractors: Uralets-220 and Belarus-132n, and also learn how to make a mini tractor from a motoblock and a mini-tractor with breaking frame.
After this, the mass production of the 54-ki finally stopped. In total, 957,900 units of this technology were produced in the USSR.
Spectrum of agricultural work
The tractor DT-54 is mainly intended for exploitation in various types of work in the agricultural industry. The scope of application of technology includes:
- plowing the land;
- field planning;
- sowing work;
- harvesting;
- earthmoving and other agricultural work.
The equipment successfully works together with four- or five-body plows, mechanisms for harrowing and cultivating the soil, various seeders, watering machines, mowers, as well as a tree planting machine.
For small farms and households the best option when choosing machinery will be a walk-behind tractor. Thanks to replaceable mounted units, it can be used for digging potatoes, as well as snow removal.
The tractor could be combined with various small-scale implements and was a multifunctional unit that was suitable for use in construction and light industry.
In addition, the DT-54A version was developed, which was intended for work in peat (marshy) areas and on loose (unstable) soils. Not trapped in the ground machine helped her wide caterpillars.
Technical specifications
DT-54 is designed according to the standard for agricultural machinery on tracked drive scheme, which can be divided into the following main groups: running gear, engine, power train, control systems, auxiliary and operating mechanisms.
Weight and dimensions
The mass of equipment without attachments is 5400 kg. The ground pressure is 0.41 kg / sq. cm.
The general scheme of the tractor DT-54: 1 - oil cooler; 2 - water radiator; 3 - the engine; ; 4 - frame front bar; 5 - connecting shaft; 6 - air cleaner; 7 - fuel filler neck of the starting engine; 8 - toplev feed control knob; 9 - clutch pedal; 10 - clutch lever and turning brakes; 11 - gear lever; 12 - fuel tank; 13 - transmission; 14 - rear axle; 15 - final gear; 16 - caterpillar; 17 - track roller; 18 - balance carriage; 19 - frame; 20 - steering wheel
Overall dimensions and mass of the tractor:
- the length of the entire unit with the presence of a trailer device is 3.660 m;
- the width with the edges of the tracks in the classic version - 1,865 m;
- vehicle height - 2.30 m;
- ground clearance - 260 mm;
- the base is 1.622 m;
- track - 1,435 m.
Engine
Diesel engine D-54 is installed on DT-54. The type of motor was an uncompressed, four-chamber water cooling unit. The cylinder block and the camera head were made of cast iron, the mixture formation was vortex chamber. The location of the cylinders is in-line, vertical.
DT-54 tractor engine diagram: 1 - cylinder head; 2 - water jacket; 3 - pusher bar; 4 - a camshaft; 5 - seal housing; 6 - clutch housing; 7 - flywheel; 8 - flywheel crown; 9 - rear beam; 10 - the oil pump; 11 - gear drive oil pump; 12 - front beam; 13 - crankshaft gear; 14 - cover; 15 - distribution gear housing; 16 - water pump with fan; 17 - the exhaust valve; 18 - valve spring; 19 - stud; 20 - breather; 21 - valve cover; 22 - crankshaft.
With a frequency of revolutions of 1300 rev / min. The tractor's motor develops a rated power of 54 horsepower (39.7 kW).
Did you know? Glory 54-ki in the times of the Soviet Union was so great that in a number of cities a tractor was erected monuments and monuments. In addition, the technique systematically appeared in the films of that era. For example, in the film “It was in Penkovo,” the hero Matvey Morozov (V. Tikhonov played the role) and Zefirov (actor Yu. N. Medvedev) on two agricultural machines staged a kind of rope-dragging competition. The characters in the film argued whose tractor is stronger.
Transmission, steering and brake control
A five-speed automatic gearbox is mounted on the machine. It is possible to install a stroke reducer with two intervals. Reducer guarantees the agricultural machine movement at auxiliary ten slow speeds.
Scheme of adjustment of the main transmission of the tractor: 1 - secondary shaft; 2 - adjusting shims; 3 - cover; 4 - rear axle shaft; 5 - bearing cup; 5 - right nut; 7 - left nut; 8 - locking plate; 9 - partition; 10 - septum mounting nut; 11 - large bevel gear; 12 - small bevel gear.
The power mechanism of the unit is needed to transfer the rotation of the drive rollers, as well as the shaft of the power control. The tractor's transmission consists of a clutch, gearbox, rear axle, final gears and a connecting shaft.
Rear axle provided separate control sleeves and brakes. Similar management began to be used after 1956.
Familiarize yourself with the tractors: MT3-892, DT-20, MT3-1221, Kirovets K-700, Kirovets K-9000, T-170, MT3-80, MT3 320, MT3 82 and T-30, which also can be used for different types of work.
Brakes on a diesel tractor onboard, automatic, tape sample and two-way operation.
The suspension of the car has a balancing carriage. Each crawler branch is driven by a lead roller. Equipped with a delegating roller and two support wheels. The caterpillar itself includes 41 linking links.
The position of the wedge and the axis of swing in the hole of the inner balancer of the suspension of the tractor DT-54 with the misalignment of the flatness of the axis of swing with the hole of the balancer for the wedge: 1 - wedge; 2 - swing axis; 3 - internal balancer; 4 and 5 - bushings of the outer balancer; 6 - external balancer; в - wedge contact with the cylindrical surface of the swing axis; g - wedge contact with the surface of the flatness of the swing axis.
Cabin
On the agricultural machine is equipped with a closed double driver's cabin. It is equipped with a soft chair, a standard set of controls and a dashboard. Later the cabin was equipped with a heating system and a drinking water tank. The volume of the tank was 2.5 liters.
Turning to separate regulation of the brakes and side clutches, right and left brake pedals were mounted in the cab.
The cabin is not comfortable. Despite the closed form, it is not hermetic, not protected from noise, vibration and dust. The car is quite heavy control levers and clutch. In addition, the seat back is hung on the tank. And since the fuel tank actually serves as the back wall of the cabin, in the process of refueling diesel fuel often penetrates under the back.
Chassis, tow hitch
Unlike its predecessors, the 54-ke was significantly upgraded chassis - End metal self-tightening seals were used. For the prevention of ingress of dirt, dust and moisture, all friction parts and bearings were securely insulated (closed).
Chassis tractor DT-54
The travel component includes drive and guide rollers, tracks, support wheels and suspension. Guide rollers and driven rollers help the car move along the tracks. They, in turn, consist of interlocking steel elements. Supporting wheels prevent the caterpillars from dropping the upper grapes, and the delegating rollers coordinate their stretching.
Trailer equipment includes a transverse band and a trailer link. The upgraded versions of the 54-ki were equipped with a separate-modular hydraulic system (for more details, see below). And the attachment system received a two- or three-point tuning.
The unit is equipped with four headlights and sockets, thanks to which the headlights can be turned on and on trailed equipment. Hydraulic equipment includes a hydraulic pump and a 3-cylinder switch.
Creeper: 1 and 2 - replaceable movable gears; 3 - splined sleeve; 4 - sleeve; 5 - washer; 6 - the extended shaft of a backing of a transmission; 7 and 8 - replaceable gears; 9 - gear permanent gear; 10 - creeper shaft; 11 - cover; 12 - drive shaft; 13 - side cover; - pressure cup; 15 - gear.
Reviews from the network:
"The running gear is arranged similarly to that of the DT-54A tractor" - here it means that the design is the same. But there are differences in the guide wheels, in the tensioner, in the fastening of the supporting rollers, in the fastening of the balancing carriages. But all these changes are minor. On the DT-75, you can say "slightly upgraded chassis".
And further. Running models T-74, T-75 is also similar to the DT-54. The difference in frames, transmissions, engines.
By the way, some restorers honestly admitted that when restoring DT-54 they used many spare parts from DT-75.
Fuel tank capacity and nominal flow rate
The tractor's fuel tank capacity is characterized by a value of 185 liters, however, in the subsequent tractor model (DT-54A version) its volume was increased to 250 liters.
The DT-54 engine has a fairly low fuel consumption - 205 g / l. with. at one o'clock. Due to this, the unit can be operated for a long period of time, with increased load on the motor without frequent interruptions for refueling.
Did you know? On the 54-ke worked in the field actor L. V. Kharitonov, who played the role of Ivan Brovkin in the famous film "Ivan Brovkin on virgin soil". Agricultural machinery can be seen in a number of other Soviet films: "First Echelon", "Alien Relatives", "First guy", "Quarrel in Lukashi", "Battle on the Road", "Knight's Move", "Kalina Red".
Major modifications
In 1957, the agricultural machine underwent a process of improvement. In the updated version DT-54A, the hydraulic system became separate-modular. This version has been updated several times. In total, four models are known:
- DT-54A-C1. The model is fully equipped with a separate-complete hydraulic system with power hydraulic cylinders. In addition, the equipment was equipped with a hinged device, which made it possible to expand the scope of the machine - it became possible to use a variety of mounted or trailed equipment, coordinated by a diesel unit.
- DT-54A-C2. This modification is similar to the previous version, but there is no power chamber and suspension system.
- DT-54A-C3. The model of agricultural machinery, designed to work with trailed equipment, because in this case there is no hydraulic mechanism.
- DT-54A-C4. The model is completely identical to the DT-54A-C1 variant, however, it lacks remote power chambers. This tractor was recommended by Soviet engineers for use in all republics of the Soviet Union.
Important! Execution DT-54F-S4 does not provide for the use of remote hydraulic cylinders, and the rest is similar to DT-54A-C1.
Model DT-54 is deservedly considered a legend of mechanical engineering. The history of technology has not ended with the completion of production - the unit is in demand today. A number of machines are still being developed on the basis of 54-ki, for example, tractors T-74, T-75 and DT-75. And fans of the Soviet era repeatedly recreated 54 of the scrap metal or brought old samples to good condition. All this once again proves the durability and reliability of this technology.
